The "Gift of the Nile" as the great historian Heroditus called it, Egypt flourished because of the annual flooding of the mighty Nile River which deposited rich, fertile silt upon it's banks. The river valley was rimmed by tall cliffs and barren plateaus.

Beyond the valley stretched the dry and barren Sahara desert. On the edge of this desert, at Giza, near Memphis, the Egyptians built huge pyramids as burial structures for their rulers, the Pharaohs.

The ancient Egyptians called their land Kemet, which is translated as the word "black". The Greeks called Egypt, Aigyptos from the name Ha(t)-ka-ptah, which was the name of the main temple at Memphis, the Egyptian capital.

Perhaps today's most popularized rulers of ancient Egypt was the boy-king Tutankhamen. The name is actually a combination of three words: Tut-Ankh-Amen. Tutankhamen was the grandson of Thutmosis IV and Tutankhamen's funerary treasure is one of immeasurable wealth and craftsmanship.

The Land - The political boundries of ancient Egypt changed numerous times during its 2,500 year existance. When the kingdom was originally formed in about 3100 B.C., it occupied only the fertile valley of the Nile river. The country extended from the Mediterranean sea south for about 680 miles to the first Cataract of the river. It averaged only about 12 miles across from the Red Sea to the desert. Egypt spanned 8,000 square miles. MAP

Resources - The black soil left by the Nile floods gave the Egyptians superior farm land. The Egyptians mined granite and limestone. In the desert areas, they found deposits of copper, manganese and turquoise. They also mined gold, gypsum, beryl and phosphate.

The origins of Greece are shrouded in mystery and date back to the time of Abraham, 18th century BCE, or perhaps even earlier. Historians disagree as to where the Greeks came from - they could have been people migrating down from Asia down through Europe and settling in the Greek Isles, or they could have been seafaring people who settled along the coast.

The earliest inhabitants of mainland Greece, the Mycenaeans, developed an advanced culture.

Whoever they were, the earliest inhabitants of mainland Greece (called Mycenaeans after excavations found at Mycenae) developed an advanced culture. But, around 1100 BCE, the Mycenaeans were invaded by barbarians called Dorians and all their advances disappeared. Greece went into a black period to re-emerge hundreds of years later.

The classical Greek period begins as early as 7th century BCE, though we tend to be more familiar with its history in the 5th century when Greece consists of a group of constantly warring city-states, the most famous being Athens and Sparta. They are strong enough to spurn the Persians despite fighting among themselves, but they succumb in the 4th century to Phillip II of Macedon, who paves way for his son, Alexander the Great, to spread the Greek civilization across the world. - source

Alexander the Great chose a tiny fishing village on the Nile delta called Rhakotis as the site of the new capital of his empire. It was made Egypt's capital in 320 BC and soon became the most powerful and influential city in the region. Its rulers built a massive lighthouse at Pharos, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, and the famed Library of Alexandria. It was at the library that Archimedes invented the screw-shaped water pump that is still in use today. At Alexandria Eratosthenes measured the diameter of the Earth, and Euclid discovered the rules of geometry. Ptolemy wrote the Almagest at Alexandria. It was the most influential scientific book about the nature of the Universe for 1,500 years.

Stories about its demise have been circulating for centuries and date back to at least the first century AD. These stories continue to be told and embellished today by those who wish to make a moral attack against the alleged vandals. We find that three parties are blamed for the destruction and they correspond to the three occupying powers that ruled Alexandria after it had been lost by the Greeks. The suspects respectively are a Roman, a Christian and a Moslem - Julius Caesar, Patriarch Theophilus of Alexandria and Caliph Omar of Damascus. - more

The rise of Rome was certainly not inevitable, but it had many advantages right from the start. Rome lies only a few miles from the sea with all its possibilities of trade. It lies central to the Italian peninsula, which in turn lies central to the entire Mediterranean Sea. Italy is guarded by the Alps to the North and by the sea all around. Add to this the influence of the Greeks which were settling Italy, founding cities like Cumea, and hence bringing advanced civilization to the country and you have a place with lots of potential. From the Greeks the Romans learnt fundamental skills such as reading and writing, even their religion is almost entirely derived from Greek mythology. i.e. for Jupiter write Zeus, Mars is Ares, Venus is Aphrodite, etc... If the Greeks settled to the south of them, then the Roman had the Etruscans to the north. Etruria was predominantly an urban society, drawing its considerable wealth from seaborne trade. Were the Etruscans rather extravagant people, they were generally seen by the more hardy Romans to be decadent and weak. While being distinctly unique in their right the Etruscans too had very much developed from the more advanced and civilized cultures of the east, owing much of their culture to the Greeks. At around 650 to 600 BC the Etruscans crossed the Tiber and occupied Latium. It is through this, so one believes, that the settlement on the Palatine Hill was brought together with the settlements on surrounding hills, either in an attempt to fend off the invaders, or, once conquered, by the Etruscan master who sought to rule their kingdom via a structure of city states. It is at this point that the first known Kings appear. - more

1085 - William the Conqueror ordered a great survey of land holding in England. This recorded who owned or lived on the land, what livestock they kept, how much the land was worth, and what taxes were owed to the Crown. It was nicknamed 'Domesday' by the native English, after God's final Day of Judgement when every soul would be judged and the verdict written in a book, with no right of appeal. An Anglo-Saxon described the making of Domesday Book:

"He sent his men all over England into every shire ... Also he had a record made of ... how much everybody had who was occupying land in England, in land or cattle, and how much money it was worth. So very narrowly did he have it investigated, that there was no single hide nor a yard of land, nor indeed (it is a shame to relate but it seemed no shame to him to do) one ox nor one cow nor one pig which was there left out, and not put down in his record: and all these records were brought to him afterwards."

The scale of the survey was unprecedented in Europe at the time, and not repeated in Britain until the census in the 19th century. Although its exact purpose is unclear, the Domesday Book records people's rights to land and their duties to give tax and military service. - nationalarchives.gov.uk

"In 1095 AD, Urban II, bishop of Rome, made a call for a Holy Crusade in order to take Jerusalem from Jews and Muslims in the name of Christianity. When they captured Jerusalem, they embarked on a merciless killing spree.They burned Jews alive within their Synagogues.They slaughtered Muslims. And to add insult to injury, they made their captive Muslims clean up all the blood and body parts that littered the streets. Ninety-two years of decadence and savagery against Jews and Muslims followed, until Saladin and his Muslim armies sent the bastards packing on October 2, 1187, and freed the Holy Land from European occupation. Unlike the genocide of the Crusaders a hundred years earlier, there were no scenes of senseless slaughter after the European surrender. Saladin even allowed Richard to take home the relics from the Church of the Sepulchre. Hsing Lee

Sailing for Italian merchants in 1477, Columbus set sail on a convoy loaded with goods for sale in northern Atlantic ports. Included in his ports of call was Iceland, called Ultima Thule by the ancients who believed it marked the end of the world.

Approximately 20,000 years ago the first Native Americans came over a land bridge between Asia and North America. This bridge was over 1,000 miles wide. In 1492 about one million American Indians lived in the United States and Canada and about 20 million million Indians lived in South America. In 1000 A. D. sailors from Norway called Vikings traveled from Iceland to Greenland. They were lead by Eric the Red. Eric the Red founded a colony on Greenland. Later his son, Leif Ericson, lead a group to Newfoundland in Canada. Unfortunately no maps were made of these travels. However in 1965 a Viking map dated 1440 was found. The Viking map showed parts of northeastern Canada. About the same time Columbus was making his third voyage another explorer sailed for North America. His name was Americus Vespucius. Vespucius made maps of his travels. A German school teacher who was writing a new geography book found these maps. The school teacher called the New World America in honor of Vespucius. - source

The guilds united the employers and employees of each trade in a single organisation, hierarchically ordered and governed by ritual, "mysteries" (skills and secrets of their particular business), and a royal monopoly to stop others practising their craft. They regulated trade, restricted entry to their guild, and ensured that the passage from the bottom of the ladder ("apprentice") to the top ("master") was a long, difficult and expensive process.

Niccolo Machiavelli was born in Florence in 1469. He held a series of high offices in the Florentine Republic, and as chancellor of the Nove di Milizia he organized an infantry force which fought at the capture of Pisa in 1509. When the Republic was defeated by the Holy League in 1512, the Medici returned to Florence, and Machiavelli was imprisoned, tortured, and afterwards exiled to his farm in San Casciano. There, he devoted himself to study and writing, until he was rehabilitated in to Florentine public life by Cardinal Giulio de' Medici in 1520. He died in 1527.

To many readers, Machiavelli is best known as the author of The Prince, and hence thought of as an advocate of absolutism. But such an in interpretation captures only half of Machiavelli's political thought. In his Discourses, Machiavelli makes clear that the authority of an absolute monarch is appropriate to some circumstances - the conquest of states, or their total revolution - but in the long run, only republican government can generate security and prosperity:

"And if princes are superior to populaces in drawing up laws, codes of civic life, statutes, and new institutions, the populace is so superior in sustaining what has been instituted that it indubitably adds to the glory of those who have instituted them."

Niccolo Machiavelli is named by the European Stability Initiative as an old school guru

On January 22, 1561, a boy was born at Wolsey New Palace, Whitehall, also known as York Place. Francis Bacon was adopted by Lady Ann Bacon, wife of Sir Nicholas, Lord Chancellor, who was keeper of the Great Seal. The baby birth is registered at St. Martins in the Fields, as Mr. Franciscus Bacon, as though his foster parents, or someone acting for them, wished to mark their respect to a baby with royal blood.

Francis Bacon's visionary essay The New Atlantis (published 1627) contained the democratic seeds of a better way of life and a philosophy based on man being in harmony with nature. The American Founding Fathers 150 years after the essay was written were influenced to set those guidelines into action. - sirbacon.org

The learned men of "Nova Atlantis" make use of the telephone (means to convey sound in trunks and pipes in strange lines and distances) and of the phonograph (sound houses, where we practise and demonstrate all sounds and their generation; also diverse strange and artificial echoes, yea some rendering of the voice), of machines of locomotion, of aeroplanes and submarines, of zoological gardens and anatomical museums, of telescopes and microscopes--very primitive in those times--of condensed water, of motive force produced by means of water, of apparatus for intensifying the force of wind, etc. Bacon made himself known, by this description, as an extraordinary physicist.

This "House of the Learned" represents also a society of the Rose-Croix. The chief of the savants has upon his turban a small red cross; the learned men wear a red mantle. The likeness between them and the Rosicrucians was so well understood that those who were strangers to the Order, like John Heydon, (born in 1629) a great apologist of the latter, although not belonging to it, who wrote a work entitled : A Voyage to the Land of the Rosicrucians which is but a literal transcription of the Nova Atlantis, in which he limited himself to replacing the word Savants with that of Rosicrucians.

Order out of chaos

One message that Albert Pike received from his "spirit guide," he described in a letter that he wrote to Mazzini, dated August 15, 1871. Following are apparently extracts of the letter, showing how Three World Wars have been planned for many generations. Pikes Masonic influences come from the Scottish Rite, Clan of Freemasonry, So it could be assumed that the 'Spirit guide' alluded to in his letters is in fact Baphomet...

The first industrial pools in the 1880's tried to fix the price of their goods (be it salt, whiskey, cattle, iron, oil ...) no matter the circumstances, to a level high enough to earn them a nice living, but not too high so as not to attract outside competitors. United they could also earn from the other side, by lowering costs. Railroads were forces to give them wholesale rebates, inefficient or poorly situated factories were closed, redundant workers could be laid off, and sometimes a war chest was even made. Outside competitors could generally not survive.

Pools were in their eyes modernity, sweeping the cut throat competition that could only lead to ruin and introducing rational methods of production management. They could also invest in common scientific research and advertisement, and to organize buying centers. source

an excerpt from another of his works - The Shape of things to come:

Even the Modern State Fellowship itself, so far as many of its nuclei were concerned, was at first of this nature, a coalescence of all these varied technicians who realized that employment would vanish, that everything they valued in life would vanish, with the spread of social disorder. They constituted protective and aggressive gangs with an unexampled power of world-wide cooperation. Their confluence became the new world. - Chapter 16

Im 1900 J.P. Morgan bought 51% of Tesla tele patents for $150,000... offering Tesla the chance to build a transmission tower and power plant. A more realistic sum would have been $1,000,000, but Tesla took what was available. In 1901 "Radio City" at Wardenclyffe (Shoreham, Long Island) was constructed. In spite of what he told his investor, Tesla's actual plan was to make a large-scale demonstration of electrical power transmission without wires. JP Morgan renaged on the Wardenclyffe Project deal choosing instead Marconi's Radio system which itself relied on 17 of Teslas patents. On , 6 Oct 1915, New York Times falsely reported Edison and Tesla were to share the Nobel prize. The myth has it that Tesla experienced a complete nervous breakdown - more - chronology

[1899] Tesla was focusing on using radio waves for power transmission. At Colorado Springs he built a huge magnifying power transmitter, based around a massive Tesla coil and an antenna that was 200 feet tall. It was capable of generating voltages of 100,000,000 volts. Tesla used this apparatus to light banks of light bulbs over 20 miles away. However, the power of radio waves from an antenna falls off at the rate of 1/r2. (Where r = distance.) Quite by accident, Tesla found a fascinating, unorthodox solution to this problem. As his antenna also functioned as a receiver, he had taken to tracking the progress of lightning storms across the sky. He noticed a fading pattern as the storms moved over the horizon and deduced the presence of a standing wave effect between the sky and the ground. From these observations he deduced the existence of what he claimed were global resonances of 6, 18 and 30 Hz. This effect reduced the fall off in power to only 1/r, and so effectively the space between sky and ground was acting as a 2-D waveguide. The area between the ionosphere and the ground that allows the transmission of standing waves is now known as the Schumann cavity, and the Schumann resonances (discovered in 1952) are multiples of 7.5 Hz24. However, as Tesla did not know this, and the prediction of the ionosphere by Heaviside was still two years away, he became convinced that Maxwell's equations were wrong. This was the first clear example of his lack of theoretical rigour leading him astray. source

When Edison tried to market his invention: the electric lightbulb - it was discovered that a city-wide [country wide] system that could run electric light would not be a profitable endevour because the population would only need electricity largely during the night. It was then proposed that by making other goods rely on a system of electricity, that this would justify generating a power supply 24-hours a day. Thus an electrical goods industry was born. It was this marketing solution that became the essence of modern commercialism today. - paraphrased from Simon Schaffers Light fantastic

computer fear facter in Hollywood

Elite 'Intelligence' created extremist doctrine

"...the Globalists have had a hand in shaping and financing all the terrorist organizations of the twentieth century, including the Muslim Brotherhood of Egypt, Hamas of Palestine and the Afghan Mujahideen. But the history of their duplicity dates farther back still, to the 18th Century, when British Freemasons created the Wahhabi sect of Saudi Arabia itself, to further their imperialistic objectives. That a British spy by the name of Hempher was responsible for shaping of the extreme tenets of Wahhabism was mentioned in a Turkish work, Mir'at al-Haramain, by Ayyub Sabri Pasha between 1933-1938. British policy in its colonies often involved the creation of deviant sects, in order to Divide and Conquer, as was the case with the Ahmadiyya sect of Islam in India in the nineteenth century.

The details of this conspiracy are outlined in a little known document by the name of The Memoirs of Mr. Hempher published in series (episodes) in the German paper Spiegel, and later in a prominent French paper. A Lebanese doctor translated the document to the Arabic language and from there on it was translated to English and other languages. The document is a first-hand account by Hempher of his mission for his government, which sent him to the Middle East to discover ways to undermine the Ottoman Empire. Among the vices the British were to promote were racism and nationalism, alcohol, gambling, fornication and tempting Muslim women to uncover themselves. But most important was the strategy to "insert heresies into Muslims' creedal tenets and then criticize Islam for being a religion of terror." To this purpose, Hempher located a particularly corrupt individual by the name of Mohammed Ibn Adbul Wahhab." - more on Mr. Hempher

German Nazis utilised extremists

Muslim extremists have cooperated closely with Nazis since the 1930s. A relevant example here is the Islamist Mufti of Jerusalem, Hajj Amin al Husseini, founder of the Palestinian movement and Yasser Arafat's mentor and hero. [Mufti] Hajj Amin was a top Nazi. Meeting with Hitler in 1941, the Mufti begged him to invade the Middle East and exterminate the 1 million Jews still living in Arab-dominated lands. Hitler promised to put the Mufti in charge of the killing. Then the Mufti went to Bosnia, where he organized thousands of Muslim volunteers into the Nazi SS Handzar Division, and the Nazi SS Freiwilligen-BH-Gebirgs Division. They hunted down Yugoslav Serbs, Jews, and Roma (Gypsies), slaughtering them in their homes, or in the Jasenovac death camps of the Ustashe (Croatian Nazis). Hajj Amin al Husseini, Mufti of Jerusalem, Reviews Bosnian SS troops. The Mufti intervened with pro-Nazi governments in Eastern Europe, making sure that additional hundreds of thousands of Jews were sent to Nazi death camps - emperors-clothes

UK USA OIL utilised extremists

Tribal leader Abd al-Aziz had gained control of most of Arabia with the help of adherents of a militantly austere interpretation of Islam, Wahhabism. He declared himself king of Saudi Arabia in 1932, establishing the primacy of the royal family that still rules today. Great Britain was the dominant power in the region, but King Abd al-Aziz granted an American company (later, after consolidation with other firms, the Arabian American Oil Company -- ARAMCO) the concession to develop Saudi oil resources. This was a fundamental component of the decades-long U.S.-Saudi "special relationship."

"Britain created Iraq as a national state after World War I by consolidating several provinces of the collapsed Ottoman empire, and established a monarchy, the short-lived Iraqi Hashemite dynasty, by installing a World War I ally from Arabia to rule as a king amenable to British interests. Britain appointed Sunni Muslims rather than members of Iraq's Shi'a majority to staff its administrative infrastructure. Over the following decades, the British-established order was contested by a wide range of opposing factions, including Shiites, Kurds, Communists, and nationalists, the latter including, by the 1950s, followers of Ba'thism, an ideology calling for unity among all Arabs, development, technology, and resistance to foreign and neocolonial interference. In 1958, nationalistic military officers overthrew the Western-supported monarchical government, and established a republic. Among the initiatives undertaken by the new government were measures to end foreign monopoly control of Iraq's oil resources. Ten years later another coup led to the establishment of the Ba'thist regime [..] ruled by Saddam Hussein." - NSA archives

The broadcast was a psychological warfare experiment conducted by The Princeton Radio Project. The Rockefeller Foundation funded the project in the fall of 1937. An Office of Radio Research was set up with Paul F. Lazersfeld as director, and Frank Stanton and Hadley Cantrell as associate directors. Using demographic data on the broadcasts audience gleaned from a 10-page interview questionnaire given to 135 people, they created a book, Invasion From Mars: A Study in the Psychology of Panic. - source

Revived by Franco, Hitler, and Mussolini. The Italian dictator even used the word "corporatism" to describe it, and then later renamed it as "fascism" - a word that was defined in American dictionaries such as The American Heritage Dictionary (Houghton Mifflin Company) in 1983 as "fas-cism (fash'iz'em) n. A system of government that exercises a dictatorship of the extreme right, typically through the merging of state and business leadership, together with belligerent nationalism."

In 1940 and 1941, Lehi proposed intervening in the Second World War on the side of Nazi Germany to attain their help in expelling Britain from Mandate Palestine and to offer their assistance in "evacuating" the Jews of Europe arguing that "common interests could exist between the establishment of a new order in Europe in conformity with the German concept, and the true national aspirations of the Jewish people as they are embodied by the NMO (Lehi)."

Late in 1940, Lehi representative Naftali Lubenchik was sent to Beirut where he met the German official Werner Otto von Hentig and delivered a letter from Lehi offering to "actively take part in the war on Germany's side" in return for German support for "the establishment of the historic Jewish state on a national and totalitarian basis, bound by a treaty with the German Reich". Von Hentig forwarded the letter to the German embassy in Ankara, but there is no record of any official response. Lehi tried to establish contact with the Germans again in December 1941, also apparently without success.

Document by Lehi to Nazi germany Fundamental Features of the Proposal of the National Military Organization in Palestine

Uncovered government documents in The National Archives and Library of Congress reveal that Prescott Bush, the grandfather of President George W. Bush, served as a business partner of and U.S. banking operative for the financial architect of the Nazi war machine from 1926 until 1942, when Congress took aggressive action against Bush and his "enemy national" partners. Prescott Bush also led a group called the American Liberty League in a treasonous conspiracy with JP Morgan and the DuPont family. He tried to overthrow the U.S. government. Also involved in the Funding of the NAZI war machine were Eugenics champions Ford...and Brown Brothers Harrimen. The Dulles Bros. were international finance specialists for the powerful Wall Street law firm of Sullivan & Cromwell... Alan Dulles went on to become head of the CIA... and John Foster Dulles went on to become secretary of state!

more

On the evening of December 6, 1941, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, the president of the United States, received a message intercepted by the U.S. Navy. Sent from Tokyo to the Japanese embassy in Washington, the message was encrypted in the top-level Japanese "purple code." But that was no problem. The Americans had cracked the code long before that. It was imperative that the president see the message right away because it revealed that the Japanese, under the heavy pressure of Western economic sanctions, were terminating relations with the United States. Roosevelt read the thirteen-part transmission, looked up and announced, "This means war."

He then did a very strange thing for a president in his situation. Nothing.

Enrico Fermi, Leo Szilard, Walter Zinn, Herbert Anderson, and others begin work on nuclear fission in Columbia's Pupin Hall. Within a few months this work would become the Manhattan Project, funded by President Roosevelt in response to Albert Einstein's letter warning of Nazi research in this area. After Pearl Harbor, the project moved to the University of Chicago (supposedly to make it less vulnerable to German attack) and spread to the University of California, Los Alamos, Oak Ridge, Hanford, and other locations.

Calculations at Los Alamos were originally done on manually operated mechanical calculators, which was not only laborious and time-consuming, but the machines broke down frequently under heavy use. The only one who could fix them promptly was Richard Feynman (Nobel Prize in Physics, 1965), which some thought was not the best use of his time. "Dana Mitchell, whom Laboratory Director J. Robert Oppenheimer had recruited from Columbia University to oversee procurement for Los Alamos, recognized that the calculators were not adequate for the heavy computational chores and suggested the use of IBM punched-card machines. He had seen them used successfully by Wallace Eckert at Columbia to calculate the orbits of planets and persuaded [Stanley] Frankel and [Eldred] Nelson to order a complement of them.

The Watson coincidence

The German state had exhausted all foreign exchange and Central Bank bullion by 1941. This precipitated a crisis which it overcame by looting the treasuries of occupied countries, melting down the bullion, stamping it with the Reichsbank symbol and funneling it to the Swiss. By November 1942, this smelting operation came to include large amounts of dental gold, jewelry, rings, etc. The gold was refined and returned to banks in the form of gold bars, mixing together personal gold with "monetary gold."

Switzerland was the only country that would accept the obviously looted gold. The Swiss National Bank, the country's central bank, acted as a clearinghouse by purchasing the gold in exchange for foreign currency. It charged 0.5 percent and sold the gold to other neutral European central banks at higher prices. According to recent reports, the Swiss National Bank in Bern knowingly took in $400 million ($3.9 billion in today's funds) in looted gold between 1939 and 1945 in outright violation of international law, which prohibits banks from fencing stolen goods. The commission alone netted the Swiss $20 million (about $200 million in today's currency).

But these transactions were just one aspect of the overall alliance between the Nazis and the Swiss. In 1941 the Swiss government adopted the Swiss-German clearing agreement, providing massive loans in the guise of credits for Swiss exporters. Meanwhile, the Swiss dramatically increased their own exports of military hardware, as the Germans required it.

German corporations that required a foreign front in order to conduct their business operations would routinely set up a Swiss subsidiary. One of hundreds of such entities was I.G. Farben, the world's biggest chemical manufacturer, which produced the poison gas for concentration camps as a "patriotic duty." It established a Swiss international company, I.G. Chemie, which was protected from sanctions. - blood money

After the defeat of Germany, the Allies tried leading state and party officials and military commanders of the Third Reich before a tribunal of military judges from the Soviet Union, Great Britain, France, and the United States. This International Military Tribunal tried 22 major war criminals at the Nuremberg Trial, which lasted from October 1945 to October 1946. This footage shows the accused entering pleas following their indictment on charges of crimes against peace, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. Only Hjalmar Schacht, Franz von Papen, and Hans Fritzsche were acquitted by the tribunal. Twelve of the defendants, including Hermann Goering, Wilhelm Keitel, Joachim von Ribbentrop, and Ernst Kaltenbrunner, were sentenced to death and were executed soon thereafter. Others served prison terms ranging from ten years to life in prison. - more

Allen Dulles, the first CIA chief, is said to have planned "Operation Stay Behind" at the end of WWII to build secret anti-communist guerrilla forces in Europe. Dulles, Stewart Menzies (U.K. Security Intelligence Service) and Belgian Premier Paul Spaak codified the plan (1949-1952) under the Clandestine Coordinating Committee, at Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (which became NATO). So called "Stay Behind" organizations were secretly created in most countries of Western Europe, including: Austria (Schwert), Belgium (Sdra-8), Britain (Stay Behind), Denmark, France (Glaive), Germany, Greece (Operation Sheepskin), Holland, Italy (Gladio), Luxembourg, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden (Sveaborg), Switzerland (P26) and Turkey (Special War Department).

Evidence now available suggests that in some countries the secret stay-behind armies linked up with right-wing terrorists and carried out terror attacks that were later wrongly blamed on the political left in order to discredit the communists and prevent them from assuming top executive positions.

Ergot had a mysterious, contradictory reputation. In China and some Arab countries, it was thought to have medicinal powers, but in Europe it was associated with the horrible malady from the Middle Ages called St. Anthony's Fire, which struck periodically like the plague. The disease turned fingers and toes into blackened stumps and led to madness and death.

James Moore was only one of many CIA specialists on the lookout for the magic mushroom. For three years after Morse Allen's man returned from Mexico with his tales of wonder, Moore and the others in the Agency's network pushed their lines of inquiry among contacts and travelers into Mexican villages so remote that Spanish had barely penetrated. Yet they found no magic mushrooms. Given their efforts, it was ironic that the man who beat them to "God's flesh" was neither a spy nor a scientist, but a banker. It was R. Gordon Wasson, vice-president of J. P. Morgan & Company, amateur mycologist, and co-author with his wife Valentina of Mushrooms, Russia and History

in 1949, a famous Viennese doctor named Otto Kauders traveled to the United States in search of research funds. He gave a conference at Boston Psychopathic Hospital, a pioneering mental-health institution affiliated with Harvard Medical School, and he spoke about a new experimental drug called d-lysergic acid diethylamide. Milton Greenblatt, the hospital's research director, vividly recalls Kauders' description of how an infinitesimally small dose had rendered Dr. Albert Hofmann temporarily "crazy." "We were very interested in anything that could make someone schizophrenic," says Greenblatt. If the drug really did induce psychosis for a short time, the Boston doctors reasoned, an antidotewhich they hoped to findmight cure schizophrenia. It would take many years of research to show that LSD did not, in fact, produce a "model psychosis," but to the Boston doctors in 1949, the drug showed incredible promise. Max Rinkel, a neuropsychiatrist and refugee from Hitler's Germany, was so intrigued by Kauders' presentation that he quickly contacted Sandoz, the huge Swiss pharmaceutical firm where Albert Hofmann worked. Sandoz officials arranged to ship some LSD across the Atlantic.

Britain, which had ruled Palestine since 1920, handed over responsibility for solving the Zionist-Arab problem to the UN in 1947. The territory was plagued with chronic unrest pitting native Arabs against Jewish immigrants (who now made up about a third the population, owning about 6% of the land). The situation had become more critical with the displacement of hundreds of thousands of Jews fleeing the Nazi persecution in Europe. Some six million Jews were killed in the Holocaust during World War II.

The UN set up a special committee which recommended splitting the territory into separate Jewish and Palestinian states. Palestinian representatives, known as the Arab Higher Committee, rejected the proposal; their counterparts in the Jewish Agency accepted it. The partition plan gave 56.47% of Palestine to the Jewish state and 43.53% to the Arab state, with an international enclave around Jerusalem. On 29 November 1947, 33 countries of the UN General Assembly voted for partition, 13 voted against and 10 abstained. The plan, which was rejected by the Palestinians, was never implemented.

Britain announced its intention to terminate its Palestine mandate on 15 May 1948 but hostilities broke out before the date arrived. The death of British soldiers in the conflict made the continuing presence in Palestine deeply unpopular in Britain. In addition, the British resented American pressure to allow in more Jewish refugees - a sign of growing US suport for Zionism. Both Arab and Jewish sides prepared for the coming confrontation by mobilising forces. The first "clearing" operations were conducted against Palestinian villages by Jewish forces in December. - more

The name "United Nations", coined by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt, was first used in the "Declaration by United Nations" of 1 January 1942, during the Second World War, when representatives of 26 nations pledged their Governments to continue fighting together against the Axis Powers. In 1945, representatives of 50 countries met in San Francisco at the United Nations Conference on International Organization to draw up the United Nations Charter. Those delegates deliberated on the basis of proposals worked out by the representatives of China, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States at Dumbarton Oaks, United States in August-October 1944. The Charter was signed on 26 June 1945 by the representatives of the 50 countries. Poland, which was not represented at the Conference, signed it later and became one of the original 51 Member States. The United Nations officially came into existence on 24 October 1945, when the Charter had been ratified by China, France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, the United States and by a majority of other signatories. United Nations Day is celebrated on 24 October each year. UN.Org

The Bank of International Settlements is the most obscure arm of the Bretton-Woods International Financial architecture but its role is central. John Maynard Keynes wanted it closed down as it was used to launder money for the Nazis in World War II. Run by an inner elite representing the world's major central banks it controls most of the transferable money in the world. It uses that money to draw national governments into debt for the IMF.

"The Power of financial capitalism had a far reaching plan, nothing less than to create a world system of financial control in private hands able to dominate the political system of each country and the economy of the world as a whole. This system was to be controlled in a feudalistic fashion by the central banks of the world acting in concert, by secret agreements arrived at in frequent meetings and conferences. The apex of the system was to be the Bank for International Settlements in Basel, Switzerland, a private bank owned and controlled by the world's central banks, which were themselves private corporations. Each central bank sought to dominate its government by its ability to control treasury loans, to manipulate foreign exchanges, to influence the level of economic activity in the country, and to influence co-operative politicians by subsequent rewards in the business world." - Carrol Quigley, Tragedy and Hope, 1966

1947 - A crashed 'Saucer' is reported at Roswell New Mexico as UFO fever spreads quickly throughout popular culture helping to accentuate fear of outside invaders for the Macarthyite era of 'red menace'

1953 - visionary producer George Pal brought the classic H.G. Wells story of a Martian invasion to the big screen, and it instantly became a science fiction classic and winner of the 1953 Academy Award for Best Special Effects.

In I94I a group of psychiatrists at the Tavistock Clinic saw that the right questions were asked in Parliament in order to secure the means to try new measures to enable neurotic, shellshocked and psychologically damaged soldiers to fight again, Later with the aid of the Rockefeller foundation and the Unilever Group it became concerned with the specific purpose of actively relating the psychological and social sciences to the needs and concerns of society. In the 1890s, William Hesketh Lever, founder of Lever Bros, wrote down his ideas for Sunlight Soap - his revolutionary new product that helped popularise cleanliness and hygiene in Victorian England. Unilever had established a working relationship with the Institute immediately after the war.

"With the profusion of new products in the I950s, advertising agencies and the marketing departments of firms were under pressure to develop new methods for increasing sales. Motivation research had made its appearance but was narrowly conceived. One or two trial projects gave rise to a new concept which brought together Lewinian and psychoanalytic thinking - the pleasure foods region. This consisted of products of little or no nutritional value that were consumed, often in excess, because of their power to afford oral satisfactions which reduced anxiety and relieved stress." [THE SOCIAL ENGAGEMENT OF SOCIAL SCIENCE - A Tavistock Anthology]

1964 Gulf of Tonkin incident

NSA's intelligence officers deliberately skewed the evidence passed on to policy makers and the public to falsely suggest that North Vietnamese ships had attacked American destroyers on Aug. 4, 1964.

Based on the reported attack, President Lyndon B. Johnson ordered air strikes on North Vietnam and Congress passed a broad resolution authorizing military action. -